Definition
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a non-degenerative/ non- congenital insult to the brain from an external mechanical force,possibly leading to permanent or temporary impairment of cognitive, physical, and psychosocial functions.
Type
1) Open Brain Injury:-
Open or penetrating head injury.
2) Closed Brain Iniury:-
Without the skull being broken or penetrated and the
brain has not been exposed.
Causes:-
- Fall
- RTA
- Violence
- Sports injuries
Signs and symptoms
- Mild traumatic brain injury:-
- Loss of consciousness for a few
- seconds to a few minutes
- Memory or concentration problems
- Headache
- Dizziness or loss of balance
- Nausea or vomiting
- Difficulty sleeping
Moderate to severe traumatic brain injuries:-
- Loss of consciousness from several minutes to hours
- Slurred speech
- Inability to awaken from sleep
- Weakness or numbness in fingers and toes
- Loss of coordination
- Persistent headache or headache that worsens
Cognitive problems
- Memory
- Learning
- Problem solving
- Speed of mental processing
- Judgment
- Attention or concentration
- Decision making
- Physical changes
- Spasticity
- Physical paralysis
- Chronic pain
- Sensory
- Loss of stamina
- Control of bowel and bladder
posture:-
1) Decorticate Posture:-
- The arms are rigidly flexed
- at the elbows and wrists.
- The legs also may be flexed with toes rigidly
- pointed
2)Decerebrate Posture:-
- The arms are rigidly straight and internally rotated
- The legs are extended with the toes rigidly pointed
- Physiotherapy management
Goals:-
- Stabilize the medical and rehabilitation issues related to brain injury
- Prevent secondary complications.
- Restore lost functional abilities.
- Provide adaptive devices or strategies to enhance functional independence.
Physiotherapy Treatment:-
- Strengthening exercise
- Stretching exercise
- Mobilization
- Posture correction
- Balance training
- Patient/family education